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C Horizon-
The soil horizon at the bottom of the solum; immediately beneath the B horizon. This horizon is realtively unaffected by biological activity and lacks the charcteristics of A and B horizons. Charactersitics usually designated by a subscript e.g. Cca - contains accumulation of calcium and magnesium carbonates.
Calcareous soil-
Soil containing sufficient free CaCO3 and other carbonates to effervesce visibly or audibly when treated with cold 0.1M HCl.
Calf-
Young male or female bovine animal under 1 year of age.
Canola-
The seed of the species Brassica napus or Brassica campestris, the oil component of which seed contains less than two percent of erucic acid and the solid component of which seed contains less than 30 micromoles of any one or any mixture of 3-butenyl glucosinolate, 4-pentenyl glucosinolate, 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate, and 2-hydroxy-4-pentenyl glucosinolate per gram of air dry, oil free solid.
Catena-
A sequence of soils of about the same age, derived from similar parent
material, and occurring under similar climatic conditions, but having different characteristics due to variation
in relief and in drainage. Also referred to as a toposequence.
Cations-
Cations are positively charged ions such as calcium Ca2+, magnesium Mg2+, and Sodium Na+.
Cation Exchange-
The clay and organic matter of soil have a net negative charge. As a result of these charges, positively charged ions (cations) such as hydronium H3O+, potassium K+, ammonium NH4+, calcium Ca2+, magnesium Mg2+, aluminum Al3+, may be held at the
surface of the clay or organic particles and exchanged with other ions in the solution or with ions at the plant root's surface.
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)-
The sum of exchangeable bases plus total soil acidity at a specific
pH, values, usually 7.0 or 8.0. It is usually expressed in centimoles of charge per kilogram of exchanger (cmolckg-1) or millimoles of charge per kilogram of exchanger.
Chemical Weathering-
The breakdown of rocks and minerals due to the presence of water and other
components in the soil solution or changes in redox potential.
Chemical Fallow-
A special type of fallowing in which all vegetative growth is
killed or prevented by use of chemicals; tillage for other purposes may or may not be used.
Chroma-
The relative purity, strength, or saturation of a color; directly related to the dominance of the determining wavelength of the light and inversely related to grayness; one of the three variables of color found in the Munsell Color Notation: hue,value and chroma
Clay-
A soil separate (particle size fraction) consisting of particles less than 0.002 mm in equivalent diameter.
Clay Mineral-
A material composed primarily of fine-grained minerals, which is generally plastic when wet and will harden when dried or fired. Clay minerals are usually layered silicates or phyllosilicates and occur naturally with coatings and interlayers hydrous iron and aluminum oxides and organic matter.
Classification-
The systematic arrangement of soils into groups or categories on the basis of
their characteristics. Broad groupings are made on the basis of general characteristics and subdivisions on the basis of more detailed differences in specific properties.
Chlorosis-
A condition in plants resulting from the failure of chlorophyll to develop caused by a deficiency of an essential nutrient. Leaves of
chlorotic plants range from light green through yellow to almost white.
Colour-
Colour is defined using the Munsell color system that specifies the relative degrees of the three simple variables of color: hue, value, and chroma. For example: 10YR 6/4 is a color (of soil) with a hue =10YR, value = 6, and chroma = 4. See also chroma, hue, value, color.
Commercial sterility-
A sterile product is one free from viable microorganisms, i.e. those capable of reproducing under optimum conditions for growth. 'Commercial sterility' is a term commonly used in the canning industry meaning the condition achieved by the application of heat sufficient to render the processed product free from viable microorganisms (including those of known public health significance), capable of growing in the food under normal non-refrigerated temperatures at which the food is likely to be held during distribution and storage.
Compaction-
Soil compaction - Increasing the soil bulk density, and concomitantly decreasing the soil porosity, by the application of mechanical forces to the soil.
Composite Breed-
Breed that has been formed by crossing two or more breeds.
Convenience food-
A manufactured product requiring little or no preparation (other than heating, diluting or dissolving in water, where appropriate) before consumption.
Cow-
Sexually mature female bovine animal that has usually produced a calf.
Cull-
To eliminate one or more animals from the breeding herd or flock.
Cultivar-
A cultivated variety.
Cultivation-
Shallow tillage operations performed to create soil conditions conducive to
improved aeration, infiltration, and water conservation, or to control weeds.
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